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Programming and Interfacing the 8051 Microcontroller in C and Assembly

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CHAPTER 1 ARCHITECTURE 1.1. Microprocessors and Microcontrollers A digital computer typically consists of three major components: the Central Processing Unit (CPU), program and data memory, and an ...

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Programming and Interfacing the 8051 Microcontroller in C and Assembly Sencer Yeralan, P.E., Ph.D. Helen Emery Rigel Press, a Division of Rigel Corporation CHAPTER 1 ARCHITECTURE 1.1. Microprocessors and Microcontrollers A digital computer typically consists of three major components: the Central Processing Unit (CPU), program and data memory, and an Input/Output (I/O) system. The CPU controls the flow of information among the components of the computer.  It also processes the data by performing digital operations.  Most of the processing is done in the Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU) within the CPU.  When the CPU of a computer is built on a single printed circuit board, the computer is called a minicomputer.  A microprocessor is a CPU that is compacted into a single-chip semiconductor device. Microprocessors are general-purpose devices, suitable for many applications.  A computer built around a microprocessor is called a microcomputer.  The choice of I/O and memory devices of a microcomputer depends on the specific application.  For example, most personal computers contain a keyboard and monitor as standard input and output devices. A microcontroller is an entire computer manufactured on a single chip. Microcontrollers are usually dedicated devices embedded within an application.  For example, microcontrollers are used as engine controllers in automobiles and as exposure and focus controllers in cameras.  In order to serve these applications, they have a high concentration of on-chip facilities such as serial ports, parallel input- output ports, timers, counters, interrupt control, analog-to-digital converters, random access memory, read only memory, etc.  The I/O, memory, and on-chip peripherals of a microcontroller are selected depending on the specifics of the target application. Since microcontrollers are powerful digital processors, the degree of cont ...

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